Each record links to the official text and carries the date it was last read. An atlas of AI law and governance by jurisdiction, with visual explainers of the instruments that bind it, is in preparation; every jurisdiction it shows will be read to primary sources first.
New York City · binding law
NYC Local Law 144 of 2021
New York City's automated employment decision tool law. It requires an annual independent bias audit, publication of the audit summary, and advance candidate notice. The only official measurement of its enforcement records two complaints and no penalties.
N.Y.C. Admin. Code 20-870 to 20-874; rules at 6 RCNY 5-300 to 5-304 · Verified August 21, 2026
Verification scope. Based on the enacted law, codified provisions and rules, DCWP guidance, and the Comptroller's audit, verified August 21, 2026. Correction, August 30: the rules took effect May 6, 2023; July 5, 2023 was the enforcement start date. The enforcement record reviewed ends in June 2025. Local Law 2026/025 concerns a municipal study and report, not an amendment to these employer duties.
California · binding law
California SB 53
California's Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act creates tiered disclosure, framework, incident-reporting, and employee-protection duties for statutorily defined frontier developers.
Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 22757.10–22757.16; Cal. Lab. Code §§ 1107–1107.2 · Verified August 20, 2026
Verification scope. Verified August 20, 2026 against the current official Business and Professions Code and Labor Code text, including the good-faith and reasonableness exception in section 22757.12(e)(2), the chaptered bill, and active Attorney General and Cal OES implementation pages. Exact-section searches located no enacted or pending direct amendment. That amendment check is not represented as a citator result.
European Union · binding law
EU AI Act
The European Union's horizontal regulation of artificial intelligence, structured by risk tier: prohibited practices, high-risk systems carrying the heaviest duties, transparency obligations, and minimal-risk uses left to general law.
Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 · Verified August 11, 2026
Verification scope. Confirmed against the Official Journal text and the current consolidated version on August 11, 2026. Updated that date: the Act has been amended by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 of July 8, 2026, so the original Official Journal text alone is now misleading on dates. As amended, the high-risk provider and deployer obligations in Chapter III Sections 1 to 3 apply to Annex III systems from December 2, 2027. Obligations phase in on staggered dates; check the operative article before relying on any single deadline. EUR-Lex states that the consolidated text has no legal effect.
European Union · binding law
General Data Protection Regulation
The European Union's data protection regulation. It reaches most AI systems through the training data they consume, the personal data they process at inference, and Article 22's limits on decisions taken solely by automated means.
Regulation (EU) 2016/679 · Verified August 10, 2026
Verification scope. The official text on EUR-Lex was confirmed on August 10, 2026. National implementing law and supervisory-authority guidance vary by member state and are not covered by this record.
International · standard
ISO/IEC 42001
The certifiable management-system standard for artificial intelligence. Clauses 4 through 10 form the auditable management system; the annexes supply reference controls and guidance that an organization selects from and justifies.
ISO/IEC 42001:2023 · Verified August 10, 2026
Verification scope. The ISO catalogue entry was confirmed on August 10, 2026. The standard is copyrighted and sold: this publication maps its structure and never reproduces its text, and links point to the catalogue entry rather than to the standard.
United States · framework
NIST AI Risk Management Framework
A voluntary United States framework organizing AI risk work into four functions: govern, map, measure, and manage. It creates no legal duty and is increasingly cited as a reasonableness benchmark in contracts and supervision.
NIST AI 100-1 · Verified August 10, 2026
Verification scope. The NIST landing page and the AI 100-1 publication were confirmed on August 10, 2026. The framework is voluntary; any binding effect comes from a contract, a regulator, or a procurement condition that adopts it.
